The separation allows, in particular, to single out the logics underlying modern logic programming and restore thereby the connection between logic programming and logic. The definite clause logic is monotonic in the sense that anything that could be concluded before a clause is added can still be concluded after it is added. Download pdf readings in nonmonotonic reasoning free. However, such patterns are beyond reach for classical logic cl, intuitionistic logic il or other logics that characterize deductive reasoning. The systems central principle is that a tentative conclusion is a decision to make. Anything can end before a clause is added, even after it is added. Non monotonic reasoning is based on default reasoning or most probabilistic choice. In the last 10 years the area of nonmonotonic reasoning has seen a number of important. Its birth is due to the research methodology suggested in mccarthy whose objective was a logical formalization of common sense reasoning for dealing with ai problems.
One of the goals of this paper is to provide an answer to these problems. According to him, default reasoning is drawing plausible inferences in the absence o f. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. Moore distinguished between default reasoning and autoepistemic reasoning 42. What is monotonic and nonmonotonic reasoning in artificial. Nonmonotonic reasoning journal of artificial intelligence research. We show that certain networks called inhibition nets may be regarded as mechanisms drawing nonmonotonic inferences if only an interpretation of net states as states of belief is introduced. Logical foundations of commonsense gerhard brewka gmd, sankt augustin, germany the right of the university 0 cambridge to print and self. This approach provides a clear separation between logical monotonic and nonmonotonic aspects of nonmonotonic reasoning. Moore distinguished between default reasoning and autoepistemic reasoning m.
Introduction to non monotonic reasoning master recherche sis, marseille. We think that the truth conditions of generic sentences can be captured by using ordinary quantification and a nonmonotonic conditional operator. Two levels of description of nonmonotonic reasoning are distinguished. Nmr itself was born, however, as a result of dissatisfaction with traditional logical. Laboratoire cnrs lsis 20102011a ai am indebted to laura giordano and alberto martelli for having provided me their course material. Need for defaults and non monotonic reasoning classical approaches for dealing with defaults closed world reasoning circumscription default logic auto epistemic logic modal logic modern approaches for dealing with defaults prioritized rules argumentation theories example uses of defaults. The default case reasoning of many computer programs reiter 1980 and the use of thnot in microplanner sussman, et. Nonmonotonic reasoning and causation, cognitive science. A decision method for nonmonotonic reasoning based on. Nonmonotonic reasoning, conditional objects and possibility. Download readings in nonmonotonic reasoning ebook pdf or read online books in pdf, epub, and mobi format. In common sense reasoning one often draws conclusions that have to be withdrawn when further information is obtained. Adding knowledge in monotonic reasoning does not reduce the set of prepositions that arise. We contend that the human ability to make plausible conclusions that define the phenomena for non human agents to.
We define a possibilistic semantics for capturing logic programs with. The first attempts showed how argumentation results in a very natural way of conceptualizing commonsense reasoning, appropriately reflecting its. Non monotonic reasoning in interpretation robert van rooij and katrin schulz 1 introduction the original article of thomason pursues two goals. The paper discusses a representative sample of examples that have appeared in the literature on nonmonotonic reasoning. Further, pearl 41 has suggested that adams logic of infinitesimal probabilities 1 is a good basis for nonmonotonic reasoning, and indeed the core properties of a nonmonotonic consequence relation are present in this logic. Some wellknown approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning are. Rational nonmonotonic reasoning microsoft research. Nonmonotonic reasoning and causation yoav shoham stanford university it is suggested that taking into account considerations that traditionally fall within the scope of computer science in general. The first level is defined semantically by the notion of belief state frame, the second level by the notion of reasoning frame. Tu dresden, ws 201718 introduction to nonmonotonic reasoning slide 178. Nonmonotonic logic and human reasoning in view of the fact that test subjects seem to perform very poorly in various paradigmatic reasoning tests e. It is argued that adopting causal notions con be viewed as. If the notion of nonmonotonic reasoning is understood in a broad sense, then probabilistic reasoning can also be subsumed.
The second called nonmonotonic approach is extending dls with nonmonotonic features, e. Nonmonotonic reasoning is based on classical logic, but it is a new logic developed exclusively by workers in artificial intelligence. Can introduce abstract study of nonmonotonic consequence relations in same way as we study classical. Explanatory nonmonotonic reasoning ebook, 2005 worldcat. Tu dresden, ws 201718 introduction to nonmonotonic reasoning slide 47. Monotonic reasoning can be defined in artificial intelligence. Several studies about computational complexity of nonmonotonic reasoning nmr showed that nonmonotonic inference is significantly harder than classical, monotonic inference.
The goal of artificial intelligence ai is to improve our understanding of intelligent behavior through the use of computational models. Commonsense reasoning is very complex and it requires a large amount of knowledge about the world and the ability to use that knowledge. Nonmonotonic formalizations of reasoning deal with the problem of drawing conclusions when the description of either a situation or a problem is incomplete. Nonmonotonic reasoning and causation nonmonotonic reasoning and causation shoham, yoav 19900301 00. The focus of this paper is nonmonotonic reasoning as it relates to logic programming. The objective of the article is to present solutions for problems occurring in classical expert systems based on. We will argue using examples that humans use such onmonotonic reasoning and that it is required for intelligent behavior.
Selecting extended logic program ming with answerset semantics as a generic nonmonotonic logic, we show how that logic defines preferred belief sets and how. Pdf argumentation and nonmonotonic reasoning paolo. Nonmonotonic reasoning nonmonotonic reasoning deals with the problem of deriving plausible conclusions, but not infallible, from a knowledge base a set of formulas. Several paraphrases of this pattern are commonly accepted. Alexander bochman many approaches in the field of nonmonotonic and commonsense reasoning are actually different representations of the same basic ideas and constructions. The present version has an addendum that was not in the published paper. Western philosophers developed classical logic over a period of thirtythree centuries after its introduction in the form of syllogistic by aristotle 1 in. Nonmonotonic reasoning in interpretation robert van rooij and katrin schulz 1 introduction the original article of thomason pursues two goals. Nonmonotonic reasoning nmr is an essential part of the logical approach to artificial intelligence.
According to him, default reasoning is drawing plausible inferences in the. Nonmonotonic reasoning deals with the problem of deriving plausible conclusions, but not infallible, from a knowledge base a set of formulas. However, probabilistic reasoning as possibilistic or fuzzy reasoning has usually been treated. Is intractability of nonmonotonic reasoning a real drawback. In this book the author gives a broad overview of different areas of research in nonmonotonic reasoning, and presents some new results and ideas based on his research. Logical systems provide only a more or less tight frame. Logic in nonmonotonic reasoning alexander bochman computer science department, holon institute of technology hit israel abstract we present a conceptual description of nonmonotonic formalisms as essentially twolayered reasoning systems consisting of a monotonic logical system, coupled with a mechanism of a reasoned choice of default. Circumscription a form of nonmonotonic reasoning was published in artificial intelligence in 1980. One common ground is nonmonotonic reasoning, a family of logics that includes room for the kinds of variations that can be found in human reasoning. It is a significant departure from the views of logicians and philosophers concerning humans and reasoning. Nonmonotonic reasoning and causation cognitive science. Several forms of nonmonotonic reasoning have been proposed and in recent years research has been focused on relationships between different formalizations.
The system can represent and reason with prioritized rules, rules with exceptions. This contrasts with the general idea that nmr can be used to make knowledge representation and reasoning simpler, not harder. The research on nonmonotonic reasoning includes several attempts to formalize reasoning that refuse to acknowledge one of the fundamental properties of classical logic. The set of conclusions thus does not grow monotonically with the given information. Virtually every example in ai that calls upon such reasoning fits the following pattern. Theorem proving techniques for these logics are also described. We shall also give hints on potential future directions and emphasize that more theoretical. Click download or read online button to readings in nonmonotonic reasoning book pdf for free now.
Logical foundations of nonmonotonic reasoning springerlink. Towards a classification of preference handling approaches. We think that the truth conditions of generic sentences can be captured by using ordinary quantification and a non monotonic conditional operator. The first international workshop brings together researchers from the theoretical ends of the logic programming and artificial intelligence communities to discuss their mutual interests. The following chapters deal with formulations of nonmonotonic inheritance, and nonmonotonic reasoning based on nonmonotonic rules. It is job of belief revision system truth maintenance system tms to establish the state which would have occurred due to. Marek and others published nonmonotonic reasoning find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. The book begins with a discussion of the various types of nonmonotonic reasoning, their applications and their logics. Logic programming and nonmonotonic reasoning the mit press. Research on argumentation and nonmonotonic reasoning began in full force in the early eighties.
In other words, non monotonic logics are devised to capture and represent defeasible inferences cf. Nonmonotonic reasoning this is a practical problem for development of expert system due to revising a conclusion belief revision, other conclusions may also depend on it, and this may set off a chain reaction. Nonmonotonic reasoning has been studied in detail in ai and various nonmonotonic logics have been invented. This paper gives a possibleworlds interpretation of the nonmonotonic reasoning problem based on standard decision theory and the emerging probability logic. Mueller says that commonsense reasoning is the sort of reasoning we all perform about the everyday world. Nonmonotonic reasoning concerns situations when information is incomplete or.
A tableau algorithm for paraconsistent and nonmonotonic. S is assumed to be true as long as there is no evidence to the contrary. In this article we introduce a nonmonotonic reasoning engine, i. While ai has no interest in mimicking human deductive reasoning with all its associated biases and errors, we contend that non monotonic reasoning is a different matter. Nonmonotonic reasoning attempts to capture a form of commonsense reasoning nonmonotonic reasoning often deals with inferences based on defaults or what is usually the case belief change and nonmonotonic reasoning. Western philosophers developed classical logic over a period of thirtythree centuries after its introduction in the form of syllogistic by aristotle 1 in the third century b. A minimal model semantics for nonmonotonic reasoning. The standard example in ai of a nonmonotonic reasoning pattern has to do with flying birds. Artificial intelligence foundations of computational. An overview of nonmonotonic reasoning and logic programming. Explanatory nonmonotonic reasoning advances in logic. One of the few things researchers in this young science commonly agree upon is the importance of know ledge for intelligence.
A logic is nonmonotonic if some conclusions can be invalidated by adding more knowledge. In particular, it provides rigorous mechanisms for taking back conclusions that, in the presence of new information, turn out to be wrong and for deriving new, alternative conclusions instead. An iterative method for answer set computation is proposed. To begin with, there are many reasons to believe that nonmonotonic reasoning cannot be expressed in the form of a logical inference in some ingenious nonmonotonic logic. With this background, some researchers attempt to combine techniques in the context of nonmonotonic inductive logic programming nmilp. A non monotonic logic is a formal logic whose consequence relation is not monotonic. The sentence birds fly is not synonymous with all birds fly because. On nonmonotonic reasoning with the method of sweeping. Nonmonotonic reasoning is a particular kind of plausible reasoning. By contrast, ilp realizes inductive machine learning while most techniques have been developed under the classical monotonic logic. Delgrande, torsten schaub, hans tompits, and kewen wang school of computing science, simon fraser university, burnaby, b. Nerode classical logic is the study of safe formal reasoning.
A minimal model semantics for nonmonotonic reasoning laura giordano1, valentina gliozzi2, nicola olivetti3, and gian luca pozzato2 1 dip. In other words, reasoning based on quasiclassical semantics cannot capture nonmonotonic feature of a true world. We shall be placing special emphasis on some of the prominent approaches. The formalism of this paper is substantially superseded by that of applications of circumscription to formalizing common sense published in 1986. Accordingly, nonmonotonic reasoning can be described as a theory of making and revising assumptions in a reasoned or principled way doyle, 1994. Nonmonotonic reasoning provides formal methods that enable intelligent systems to operate adequately when faced with incomplete or changing information. For these levels semantical formalizations are given. Nonmonotonic logic stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Nonmonotonic reasoning is a pattern of reasoning that allows an agent to make and retract tentative conclusions from inconclusive evidence. Nonmonotonic reasoning an overview sciencedirect topics.